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Fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting
Grasserová, Alena ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macek, Tomáš (referee) ; Lhotský, Ondřej (referee)
Vermicomposting is recently becoming a rather popular environmentally friendly technique for stabilizing biowaste, including sewage sludge. There is an effort to utilize the sewage sludge as fertilizer on agricultural land. But apart from nutrients, the sludge also contains harmful pollutants, which subsequently after its deposition on fields can be taken up by plants and organisms contaminating the food chains. Micropollutants, the substances that can be found throughout the environment in trace concentrations, are one of the pollutants occurring in sludge. It is for example pharmaceuticals and personal care products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or pesticides. Their negative effects are known - they can be for instance endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, or the development of cancer. Although the deposition of sewage sludge on fields as a fertilizer is one of the main introduction routes of micropollutants to the environment, the content of micropollutants before deposition is not monitored nor regulated. This dissertation focuses on the fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting, especially in sewage sludge substrates. The vermicomposting method was applied to stabilize coffee spent grounds and sewage sludge obtained from distinct wastewater treatment plants mixed with...
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Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources and their removal by waterworks processes
Šmerda, Martin ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with pharmaceuticals in drinking water and is divided into two parts, the theoretical part describes the sources of water pollution by pharmaceuticals, the most common pharmaceuticals found in drinking water sources in the world, the consumption of pharmaceuticals in the Czech Republic and their impact on human health and the ecosystem. Another topic addressed was the possibilities of removing pharmaceuticals in water treatment processes such as adsorption, oxidation and disinfection, osmosis and reverse osmosis and UV radiation. The last topic of the theoretical part were examples of water treatment plants with drug monitoring, where their technology was discussed. In the practical part of the bachelor's thesis, the X water treatment plant, concentration processing and efficiency of the water treatment plant technology were discussed.
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Vliv hormonů a léčiv na životní prostředí
Pospíšilová, Eliška
Bachelor thesis is focused on the theme "Influence of hormones and pharmaceuticals on the natural environment". The introduction describes the basic concepts associated with this issue (pharmacology, drugs, hormones, environmental pollutants or PPCPs). Part of the thesis is devoted to the basic division of selected drugs according effect. Following part is focused on selected drugs and their toxic effects on non-target organisms. Subsequently, there are mechanisms which serve to remove these drugs from the environment. The final chapter is listed statistic best-selling drugs in the Czech Republic in the period 2008 - 2014.
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Srdeční a pohybová aktivita raků jako nástroj ke studiu vlivu farmaceuticky aktivních látek
LOŽEK, Filip
Aquatic ecosystems face to anthropogenic pollution worldwide. One of the currently investigated pollutants entering the aquatic environment due to the insufficient efficiency of wastewater treatment plants are pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), such as psychoactive pharmaceuticals or illegal drugs. Although the target organism is human, PhACs target evolutionarily old receptors, so their presence in the environment affects organisms across the animal kingdom. The first part of the dissertation summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of psychoactive substances on the biological parameters of aquatic invertebrates including mollusc and arthropods. Some animals, such as crayfish, are sensitive indicators of the quality of the water to which they respond by ethophysiological changes. Consecutive parts of thesis are composite from scientific publications starting with subscription of novel robust method of non-invasive measuring of crayfish cardiac activity. The method was validated in second publication where the natural (scent of food, predator, conspecific and injured conspecific) and chemical (water disinfectant chloramineT) stimuli were distinguished by crayfish in order to be able to study changes in responses to stress when exposed to environmentally relevant concentration of PhACs i.e. analgesic tramadol what is covered in the third paper. Fourth and final publication describes the alterations in the heart rate and behaviour while stress response of crayfish during long term exposure to 1 ?g.l-1 of illicit drug methamphetamine. The discussion critically compares the advantages and disadvantages of individual approaches used in the detection of changes in biological parameters of organisms exposed to psychoactive substances and suggested future ways of progress in study area. From the results obtained we concluded that the crayfish organism with its biological functions is sensitive to detect selected psychoactive compounds in the relatively low concentrations that were found in the aquatic environment. In addition, ethophysiological alterations highlight possible impacts of these compounds on the ecology of aquatic invertebrates. The recorded effects on crayfish cardiac physiology could present a new area of research in relation not only to residual PhACs, but to a wide range of contaminants with possible impacts on the aquatic environment.
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Study of sorption of pharmaceuticals and compounds from personal care products to microplastics underfield conditions
Titov, Ivan ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
With the development of civilization and the chemical industry, a whole range of new anthropogenic substances is being introduced into the environment. Some of these substances are produced primarily - targeted for a specific purpose (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) and others are created as a by-product of chemical synthesis or they are degradation products of primary substances. Whether they are low-molecular substances or macromolecules, in addition to their positive effect on mankind, these substances can also retroactively threaten the environment, including humans. The present work deals with interactions between two groups of xenobiotics, which appear to be a huge global problem. As part of this work, the sorption of a wide group of substances belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on man-made microplastics from three types of polymers (PVC, HDPE, and PET) in real wastewater was studied. Two different locations were chosen for this experiment - effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Several sampling devices containing different types of microplastics were installed at these sites, including artificially aged alternatives that better reflect the behavior of microplastics found in real conditions. The results of these experiments showed the ability of...
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Pharmaceuticals issues in groundwaters
Šrot, Martin ; Hrkal, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Datel, Josef (referee)
Main objective of the diploma thesis was to observe the concentrations of selected types of drugs in the environment around the area of the village Horní Beřkovice. This goal was achieved by monitoring of the drugs concentration in surface and ground waters at Horní Beřkovice site. Monitoring system allowed to detect the passage of pollution from the source of the contamination, through sewage treatment plant, the unsaturated zone and aquifer to a potential user of contaminated groundwater. The diploma thesis is based on the field data from TACR project. I have analyzed data from the six samplings at the area of the village Horní Beřkovice with regard to the observed drugs or their residues in surface and ground waters. I have compared the results with data from the sewage treatment plants in the river basin of Želivka. Keywords: ground water, surface water, sewage treatment plant, drugs, contamination
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Coordination chemistry of pharmaceuticals
Malová, Zuzana ; Lukeš, Ivan (advisor) ; Vojtíšek, Pavel (referee)
Present methods for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases are rather limited and in clinical practise are missing. This thesis is focused on utilization of the positron emission tomography using isotope 64 Cu(II). For the project, two contrast agents were proposed containing ligand for Cu (II) coordination and thioflavine T derivative as fluorescent dye, also as a targeting compound. Structure of the thioflavine T derivative was defined by X-ray structural analysis. The selected fluorescent dye has a high affinity for incipient amyloids and, when bound to their structure, has enhanced fluorescent properties. The proposed ligands are tetraazacyclic. The first one is a diamide, where the thioflavin T derivative is part of a macrocyclic ring. The second selected ligand is linked to the thioflavin T derivative via a linker. Key words: complexes; pharmaceuticals; transition metals
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Coordination chemistry of pharmaceuticals
Malová, Zuzana ; Lukeš, Ivan (advisor) ; Vojtíšek, Pavel (referee)
Present methods for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases are rather limited and in clinical practise are missing. This thesis is focused on utilization of the positron emission tomography using isotope 64 Cu(II). For the project, two contrast agents were proposed containing ligand for Cu (II) coordination and thioflavine T derivative as fluorescent dye, also as a targeting compound. Structure of the thioflavine T derivative was defined by X-ray structural analysis. The selected fluorescent dye has a high affinity for incipient amyloids and, when bound to their structure, has enhanced fluorescent properties. The proposed ligands are tetraazacyclic. The first one is a diamide, where the thioflavin T derivative is part of a macrocyclic ring. The second selected ligand is linked to the thioflavin T derivative via a linker. Key words: complexes; pharmaceuticals; transition metals
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Utilization of treated wastewater in a drip irrigation system
Šalanda, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Drought has an increasing importance in the Czech republic. It is necessary to look for potential irrigation water sources, which are important for agriculture. Treated wastewater can be one of them. It has potentially negative impact on soil physico-chemical properties, which is well-known from many researches in arid regions. The aim of this diploma thesis was to investigate, if the drip irrigation with treated wastewater (from constructed wetland) also has a potentially negative impact on two soils in the Czech republic. In one year experiment drip irrigation with treated wastewater was carried out in the greenhouse. Four treatments of irrigation was used for both soils - irrigation with treated wastewater, irrigation with groundwater, irrigation with treated wastewater + rainwater, irrigation with groundwater + rainwater. An amount of rainwater correspond with total precipitation of two locations, where the soils were brought from (Kostelec nad Ohří - Ústí nad Labem region and Hostětín - Zlín region). pH and electrical conductivity of soil leachate, total concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg a P, bulk density, particle density and porosity was measured in both soils in 5 and 10 centimeters from source of irrigation. Values of pH of soil leachate fluctuated in every treatment in both soils during the...
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Microbial community in sediments of a stream contaminated by pharmaceuticals
Brťková, Hana ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Zikánová, Blanka (referee)
Pharmaceuticals are micropollutants, that enter the environment mainly through Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). In this work microbial community has been studied in sediments of a stream, which is located near a WWTP. This sediment is contaminated with pharmaceuticals. The subject of this thesis was to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and microbial community in this study site and to point out possible relationships between these factors. Twelve pharmaceuticals were identified at concentrations reaching levels of ng/g. The concentrations of the compounds form a gradient that decreases with the distance from WWTP. Microbial biomass was estimated using the analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and microbial community was described using next-generation DNA sequencing. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids pointed out, that with the increasing distance from WWTP the amount of microbial biomass decreases. DNA sequencing revealed large microbial diversity in the studied sediment. For evaluation of the relationship between the microbial community and pharmaceuticals in the stream sediment, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used. The result of PCA showed, that in the stream sediment (depth 10-30 cm), Betaproteobacteria negatively correlated with triclosan and Clostridia negatively...
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